Ethiopia

This is the first time that a country profile on Ethiopia has been included in this annual report. The extent and location of CMR are not yet known due to lack of comprehensive survey. Ethiopia did not formally report any survey or clearance of cluster munition remnants (CMR) in 2024, and Mine Action Review is not aware of any nationally coordinated survey or clearance of CMR prior to 2024. Mine Action Review received photographs, taken in May 2025, of what appears to be a Russian-made AO-1Sch submunition. This concurs with reports published previously elsewhere of possible cluster munition attacks during the recent conflict, which took place in the Tigray region in the north of the country, in 2020–22. Both the Ethiopian and Eritrean air forces possess aircraft capable of delivering RBK-series cluster munitions.

• Ethiopia should accede to the Convention on Cluster Munitions (CCM) as a matter of priority.
• Ethiopia should undertake systematic survey as soon as possible to ascertain the extent and location of CMR and prepare a plan for their clearance and destruction.
• Ethiopia should comply with its obligations under international human rights law to clear CMR on territory under its jurisdiction or control as soon as possible.
• Ethiopia should ensure its national mine action centre has sufficient resources to sustain an effective mine action programme and mobilise the necessary resources to survey and clear CMR.
• Ethiopia should prioritise the urgent establishment of a functional Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA) database, following efforts ongoing since early 2024.